Rules that flag suboptimal code.
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AddEmptyString

Since: PMD 4.0

Priority: Medium (3)

The conversion of literals to strings by concatenating them with empty strings is inefficient. It is much better to use one of the type-specific toString() methods instead.

This rule is defined by the following XPath expression:

//AdditiveExpression/PrimaryExpression/PrimaryPrefix/Literal[@Image='""']

Example(s):

String s = "" + 123;                // inefficient
String t = Integer.toString(456);   // preferred approach

Use this rule by referencing it:

<rule ref="category/java/performance.xml/AddEmptyString" />

AppendCharacterWithChar

Since: PMD 3.5

Priority: Medium (3)

Avoid concatenating characters as strings in StringBuffer/StringBuilder.append methods.

This rule is defined by the following Java class: net.sourceforge.pmd.lang.java.rule.performance.AppendCharacterWithCharRule

Example(s):

StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer();
sb.append("a");     // avoid this

StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer();
sb.append('a');     // use this instead

Use this rule by referencing it:

<rule ref="category/java/performance.xml/AppendCharacterWithChar" />

AvoidArrayLoops

Since: PMD 3.5

Priority: Medium (3)

Instead of manually copying data between two arrays, use the efficient Arrays.copyOf or System.arraycopy method instead.

This rule is defined by the following XPath expression:

//Statement[(ForStatement or WhileStatement) and
count(*//AssignmentOperator[@Image = '='])=1
and
*/Statement
[
./Block/BlockStatement/Statement/StatementExpression/PrimaryExpression
/PrimaryPrefix/Name/../../PrimarySuffix/Expression
[(PrimaryExpression or AdditiveExpression) and count
(.//PrimaryPrefix/Name)=1]//PrimaryPrefix/Name/@Image
and
./Block/BlockStatement/Statement/StatementExpression/Expression/PrimaryExpression
/PrimaryPrefix/Name/../../PrimarySuffix[count
(..//PrimarySuffix)=1]/Expression[(PrimaryExpression
or AdditiveExpression) and count(.//PrimaryPrefix/Name)=1]
//PrimaryPrefix/Name/@Image
]]

Example(s):

public class Test {
    public void bar() {
        int[] a = new int[10];
        int[] b = new int[10];
        for (int i=0;i<10;i++) {
            b[i]=a[i];
        }

        int[] c = new int[10];
        // this will trigger the rule
        for (int i=0;i<10;i++) {
            b[i]=a[c[i]];
        }
    }
}

Use this rule by referencing it:

<rule ref="category/java/performance.xml/AvoidArrayLoops" />

AvoidFileStream

Since: PMD 6.0.0

Priority: High (1)

Minimum Language Version: Java 1.7

The FileInputStream and FileOutputStream classes contains a finalizer method which will cause garbage collection pauses. See JDK-8080225 for details.

The FileReader and FileWriter constructors instantiate FileInputStream and FileOutputStream, again causing garbage collection issues while finalizer methods are called.

  • Use Files.newInputStream(Paths.get(fileName)) instead of new FileInputStream(fileName).
  • Use Files.newOutputStream(Paths.get(fileName)) instead of new FileOutputStream(fileName).
  • Use Files.newBufferedReader(Paths.get(fileName)) instead of new FileReader(fileName).
  • Use Files.newBufferedWriter(Paths.get(fileName)) instead of new FileWriter(fileName).

This rule is defined by the following XPath expression:

//PrimaryPrefix/AllocationExpression/ClassOrInterfaceType[
       typeof(@Image, 'java.io.FileInputStream', 'FileInputStream')
    or typeof(@Image, 'java.io.FileOutputStream', 'FileOutputStream')
    or typeof(@Image, 'java.io.FileReader', 'FileReader')
    or typeof(@Image, 'java.io.FileWriter', 'FileWriter')
  ]

Example(s):

// these instantiations cause garbage collection pauses, even if properly closed

    FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream(fileName);
    FileOutputStream fos = new FileOutputStream(fileName);
    FileReader fr = new FileReader(fileName);
    FileWriter fw = new FileWriter(fileName);

    // the following instantiations help prevent Garbage Collection pauses, no finalization

    try(InputStream is = Files.newInputStream(Paths.get(fileName))) {
    }
    try(OutputStream os = Files.newOutputStream(Paths.get(fileName))) {
    }
    try(BufferedReader br = Files.newBufferedReader(Paths.get(fileName), StandardCharsets.UTF_8)) {
    }
    try(BufferedWriter wr = Files.newBufferedWriter(Paths.get(fileName), StandardCharsets.UTF_8)) {
    }

Use this rule by referencing it:

<rule ref="category/java/performance.xml/AvoidFileStream" />

AvoidInstantiatingObjectsInLoops

Since: PMD 2.2

Priority: Medium (3)

New objects created within loops should be checked to see if they can created outside them and reused.

This rule is defined by the following Java class: net.sourceforge.pmd.lang.java.rule.performance.AvoidInstantiatingObjectsInLoopsRule

Example(s):

public class Something {
    public static void main( String as[] ) {
        for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
            Foo f = new Foo(); // Avoid this whenever you can it's really expensive
        }
    }
}

Use this rule by referencing it:

<rule ref="category/java/performance.xml/AvoidInstantiatingObjectsInLoops" />

AvoidUsingShortType

Since: PMD 4.1

Priority: High (1)

Java uses the ‘short’ type to reduce memory usage, not to optimize calculation. In fact, the JVM does not have any arithmetic capabilities for the short type: the JVM must convert the short into an int, do the proper calculation and convert the int back to a short. Thus any storage gains found through use of the ‘short’ type may be offset by adverse impacts on performance.

This rule is defined by the following XPath expression:

//FieldDeclaration/Type/PrimitiveType[@Image = 'short']
|
//ClassOrInterfaceBodyDeclaration[not(Annotation/MarkerAnnotation/Name[typeof(@Image, 'java.lang.Override', 'Override')])]
    /MethodDeclaration/ResultType/Type/PrimitiveType[@Image = 'short']
|
//ClassOrInterfaceBodyDeclaration[not(Annotation/MarkerAnnotation/Name[typeof(@Image, 'java.lang.Override', 'Override')])]
    /MethodDeclaration/MethodDeclarator/FormalParameters/FormalParameter/Type/PrimitiveType[@Image = 'short']
|
//LocalVariableDeclaration/Type/PrimitiveType[@Image = 'short']
|
//AnnotationMethodDeclaration/Type/PrimitiveType[@Image = 'short']

Example(s):

public class UsingShort {
   private short doNotUseShort = 0;

   public UsingShort() {
    short shouldNotBeUsed = 1;
    doNotUseShort += shouldNotBeUsed;
  }
}

Use this rule by referencing it:

<rule ref="category/java/performance.xml/AvoidUsingShortType" />

BigIntegerInstantiation

Since: PMD 3.9

Priority: Medium (3)

Don’t create instances of already existing BigInteger (BigInteger.ZERO, BigInteger.ONE) and for Java 1.5 onwards, BigInteger.TEN and BigDecimal (BigDecimal.ZERO, BigDecimal.ONE, BigDecimal.TEN)

This rule is defined by the following Java class: net.sourceforge.pmd.lang.java.rule.performance.BigIntegerInstantiationRule

Example(s):

BigInteger bi = new BigInteger(1);       // reference BigInteger.ONE instead
BigInteger bi2 = new BigInteger("0");    // reference BigInteger.ZERO instead
BigInteger bi3 = new BigInteger(0.0);    // reference BigInteger.ZERO instead
BigInteger bi4;
bi4 = new BigInteger(0);                 // reference BigInteger.ZERO instead

Use this rule by referencing it:

<rule ref="category/java/performance.xml/BigIntegerInstantiation" />

BooleanInstantiation

Since: PMD 1.2

Priority: Medium High (2)

Avoid instantiating Boolean objects; you can reference Boolean.TRUE, Boolean.FALSE, or call Boolean.valueOf() instead. Note that new Boolean() is deprecated since JDK 9 for that reason.

This rule is defined by the following Java class: net.sourceforge.pmd.lang.java.rule.performance.BooleanInstantiationRule

Example(s):

Boolean bar = new Boolean("true");        // unnecessary creation, just reference Boolean.TRUE;
Boolean buz = Boolean.valueOf(false);    // ...., just reference Boolean.FALSE;

Use this rule by referencing it:

<rule ref="category/java/performance.xml/BooleanInstantiation" />

ByteInstantiation

Since: PMD 4.0

Priority: Medium High (2)

Calling new Byte() causes memory allocation that can be avoided by the static Byte.valueOf(). It makes use of an internal cache that recycles earlier instances making it more memory efficient. Note that new Byte() is deprecated since JDK 9 for that reason.

This rule is defined by the following XPath expression:

//AllocationExpression
[not (ArrayDimsAndInits)
and ClassOrInterfaceType[typeof(@Image, 'java.lang.Byte', 'Byte')]]

Example(s):

public class Foo {
    private Byte i = new Byte(0); // change to Byte i = Byte.valueOf(0);
}

Use this rule by referencing it:

<rule ref="category/java/performance.xml/ByteInstantiation" />

ConsecutiveAppendsShouldReuse

Since: PMD 5.1

Priority: Medium (3)

Consecutive calls to StringBuffer/StringBuilder .append should be chained, reusing the target object. This can improve the performance by producing a smaller bytecode, reducing overhead and improving inlining. A complete analysis can be found here

This rule is defined by the following Java class: net.sourceforge.pmd.lang.java.rule.performance.ConsecutiveAppendsShouldReuseRule

Example(s):

String foo = " ";

StringBuffer buf = new StringBuffer();
buf.append("Hello"); // poor
buf.append(foo);
buf.append("World");

StringBuffer buf = new StringBuffer();
buf.append("Hello").append(foo).append("World"); // good

Use this rule by referencing it:

<rule ref="category/java/performance.xml/ConsecutiveAppendsShouldReuse" />

ConsecutiveLiteralAppends

Since: PMD 3.5

Priority: Medium (3)

Consecutively calling StringBuffer/StringBuilder.append(…) with literals should be avoided. Since the literals are constants, they can already be combined into a single String literal and this String can be appended in a single method call.

This rule is defined by the following Java class: net.sourceforge.pmd.lang.java.rule.performance.ConsecutiveLiteralAppendsRule

Example(s):

StringBuilder buf = new StringBuilder();
buf.append("Hello").append(" ").append("World");    // poor
buf.append("Hello World");                          // good

buf.append('h').append('e').append('l').append('l').append('o'); // poor
buf.append("hello");                                             // good

buf.append(1).append('m');  // poor
buf.append("1m");           // good

This rule has the following properties:

Name Default Value Description Multivalued
threshold 1 Max consecutive appends no

Use this rule by referencing it:

<rule ref="category/java/performance.xml/ConsecutiveLiteralAppends" />

InefficientEmptyStringCheck

Since: PMD 3.6

Priority: Medium (3)

String.trim().length() is an inefficient way to check if a String is really empty, as it creates a new String object just to check its size. Consider creating a static function that loops through a string, checking Character.isWhitespace() on each character and returning false if a non-whitespace character is found. You can refer to Apache’s StringUtils#isBlank (in commons-lang), Spring’s StringUtils#hasText (in the Spring framework) or Google’s CharMatcher#whitespace (in Guava) for existing implementations.

This rule is defined by the following Java class: net.sourceforge.pmd.lang.java.rule.performance.InefficientEmptyStringCheckRule

Example(s):

public void bar(String string) {
    if (string != null && string.trim().size() > 0) {
        doSomething();
    }
}

Use this rule by referencing it:

<rule ref="category/java/performance.xml/InefficientEmptyStringCheck" />

InefficientStringBuffering

Since: PMD 3.4

Priority: Medium (3)

Avoid concatenating non-literals in a StringBuffer constructor or append() since intermediate buffers will need to be be created and destroyed by the JVM.

This rule is defined by the following Java class: net.sourceforge.pmd.lang.java.rule.performance.InefficientStringBufferingRule

Example(s):

// Avoid this, two buffers are actually being created here
StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer("tmp = "+System.getProperty("java.io.tmpdir"));

// do this instead
StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer("tmp = ");
sb.append(System.getProperty("java.io.tmpdir"));

Use this rule by referencing it:

<rule ref="category/java/performance.xml/InefficientStringBuffering" />

InsufficientStringBufferDeclaration

Since: PMD 3.6

Priority: Medium (3)

Failing to pre-size a StringBuffer or StringBuilder properly could cause it to re-size many times during runtime. This rule attempts to determine the total number the characters that are actually passed into StringBuffer.append(), but represents a best guess “worst case” scenario. An empty StringBuffer/StringBuilder constructor initializes the object to 16 characters. This default is assumed if the length of the constructor can not be determined.

This rule is defined by the following Java class: net.sourceforge.pmd.lang.java.rule.performance.InsufficientStringBufferDeclarationRule

Example(s):

StringBuffer bad = new StringBuffer();
bad.append("This is a long string that will exceed the default 16 characters");

StringBuffer good = new StringBuffer(41);
good.append("This is a long string, which is pre-sized");

Use this rule by referencing it:

<rule ref="category/java/performance.xml/InsufficientStringBufferDeclaration" />

IntegerInstantiation

Since: PMD 3.5

Priority: Medium High (2)

Calling new Integer() causes memory allocation that can be avoided by the static Integer.valueOf(). It makes use of an internal cache that recycles earlier instances making it more memory efficient. Note that new Integer() is deprecated since JDK 9 for that reason.

This rule is defined by the following XPath expression:

//AllocationExpression
  [not (ArrayDimsAndInits)
   and ClassOrInterfaceType[typeof(@Image, 'java.lang.Integer', 'Integer')]]

Example(s):

public class Foo {
    private Integer i = new Integer(0); // change to Integer i = Integer.valueOf(0);
}

Use this rule by referencing it:

<rule ref="category/java/performance.xml/IntegerInstantiation" />

LongInstantiation

Since: PMD 4.0

Priority: Medium High (2)

Calling new Long() causes memory allocation that can be avoided by the static Long.valueOf(). It makes use of an internal cache that recycles earlier instances making it more memory efficient. Note that new Long() is deprecated since JDK 9 for that reason.

This rule is defined by the following XPath expression:

//AllocationExpression
[not (ArrayDimsAndInits)
and ClassOrInterfaceType[typeof(@Image, 'java.lang.Long', 'Long')]]

Example(s):

public class Foo {
    private Long i = new Long(0); // change to Long i = Long.valueOf(0);
}

Use this rule by referencing it:

<rule ref="category/java/performance.xml/LongInstantiation" />

OptimizableToArrayCall

Since: PMD 1.8

Priority: Medium (3)

Minimum Language Version: Java 1.6

Calls to a collection’s toArray(E[]) method should specify a target array of zero size. This allows the JVM to optimize the memory allocation and copying as much as possible.

Previous versions of this rule (pre PMD 6.0.0) suggested the opposite, but current JVM implementations perform always better, when they have full control over the target array. And allocation an array via reflection is nowadays as fast as the direct allocation.

See also Arrays of Wisdom of the Ancients

Note: If you don’t need an array of the correct type, then the simple toArray() method without an array is faster, but returns only an array of type Object[].

This rule is defined by the following XPath expression:

//PrimaryExpression
[PrimaryPrefix/Name[ends-with(@Image, 'toArray')]]
[
PrimarySuffix/Arguments/ArgumentList/Expression
 /PrimaryExpression/PrimaryPrefix/AllocationExpression
 /ArrayDimsAndInits/Expression/PrimaryExpression/PrimaryPrefix[not(Literal[@Image='0'])]
]

Example(s):

List<Foo> foos = getFoos();

// much better; this one allows the jvm to allocate an array of the correct size and effectively skip
// the zeroing, since each array element will be overridden anyways
Foo[] fooArray = foos.toArray(new Foo[0]);

// inefficient, the array needs to be zeroed out by the jvm before it is handed over to the toArray method
Foo[] fooArray = foos.toArray(new Foo[foos.size()]);

Use this rule by referencing it:

<rule ref="category/java/performance.xml/OptimizableToArrayCall" />

RedundantFieldInitializer

Since: PMD 5.0

Priority: Medium (3)

Java will initialize fields with known default values so any explicit initialization of those same defaults is redundant and results in a larger class file (approximately three additional bytecode instructions per field).

This rule is defined by the following Java class: net.sourceforge.pmd.lang.java.rule.performance.RedundantFieldInitializerRule

Example(s):

public class C {
    boolean b   = false;    // examples of redundant initializers
    byte by     = 0;
    short s     = 0;
    char c      = 0;
    int i       = 0;
    long l      = 0;

    float f     = .0f;    // all possible float literals
    doable d    = 0d;     // all possible double literals
    Object o    = null;

    MyClass mca[] = null;
    int i1 = 0, ia1[] = null;

    class Nested {
        boolean b = false;
    }
}

Use this rule by referencing it:

<rule ref="category/java/performance.xml/RedundantFieldInitializer" />

ShortInstantiation

Since: PMD 4.0

Priority: Medium High (2)

Calling new Short() causes memory allocation that can be avoided by the static Short.valueOf(). It makes use of an internal cache that recycles earlier instances making it more memory efficient. Note that new Short() is deprecated since JDK 9 for that reason.

This rule is defined by the following XPath expression:

//AllocationExpression
[not (ArrayDimsAndInits)
and ClassOrInterfaceType[typeof(@Image, 'java.lang.Short', 'Short')]]

Example(s):

public class Foo {
    private Short i = new Short(0); // change to Short i = Short.valueOf(0);
}

Use this rule by referencing it:

<rule ref="category/java/performance.xml/ShortInstantiation" />

SimplifyStartsWith

Since: PMD 3.1

Priority: Medium (3)

Since it passes in a literal of length 1, calls to (string).startsWith can be rewritten using (string).charAt(0) at the expense of some readability.

This rule is defined by the following XPath expression:

//PrimaryExpression
 [PrimaryPrefix/Name
  [ends-with(@Image, '.startsWith')] or PrimarySuffix[@Image='startsWith']]
 [PrimarySuffix/Arguments/ArgumentList
  /Expression/PrimaryExpression/PrimaryPrefix
  /Literal
   [string-length(@Image)=3]
   [starts-with(@Image, '"')]
   [ends-with(@Image, '"')]
 ]

Example(s):

public class Foo {

    boolean checkIt(String x) {
        return x.startsWith("a");   // suboptimal
    }

    boolean fasterCheckIt(String x) {
        return x.charAt(0) == 'a';  // faster approach
    }
}

Use this rule by referencing it:

<rule ref="category/java/performance.xml/SimplifyStartsWith" />

StringInstantiation

Since: PMD 1.0

Priority: Medium High (2)

Avoid instantiating String objects; this is usually unnecessary since they are immutable and can be safely shared.

This rule is defined by the following Java class: net.sourceforge.pmd.lang.java.rule.performance.StringInstantiationRule

Example(s):

private String bar = new String("bar"); // just do a String bar = "bar";

Use this rule by referencing it:

<rule ref="category/java/performance.xml/StringInstantiation" />

StringToString

Since: PMD 1.0

Priority: Medium (3)

Avoid calling toString() on objects already known to be string instances; this is unnecessary.

This rule is defined by the following Java class: net.sourceforge.pmd.lang.java.rule.performance.StringToStringRule

Example(s):

private String baz() {
    String bar = "howdy";
    return bar.toString();
}

Use this rule by referencing it:

<rule ref="category/java/performance.xml/StringToString" />

TooFewBranchesForASwitchStatement

Since: PMD 4.2

Priority: Medium (3)

Switch statements are intended to be used to support complex branching behaviour. Using a switch for only a few cases is ill-advised, since switches are not as easy to understand as if-then statements. In these cases use the if-then statement to increase code readability.

This rule is defined by the following XPath expression:

//SwitchStatement[
    (count(.//SwitchLabel) < $minimumNumberCaseForASwitch)
]

Example(s):

// With a minimumNumberCaseForASwitch of 3
public class Foo {
    public void bar() {
        switch (condition) {
            case ONE:
                instruction;
                break;
            default:
                break; // not enough for a 'switch' stmt, a simple 'if' stmt would have been more appropriate
        }
    }
}

This rule has the following properties:

Name Default Value Description Multivalued
minimumNumberCaseForASwitch 3 Minimum number of branches for a switch no

Use this rule by referencing it:

<rule ref="category/java/performance.xml/TooFewBranchesForASwitchStatement" />

UnnecessaryWrapperObjectCreation

Since: PMD 3.8

Priority: Medium (3)

Most wrapper classes provide static conversion methods that avoid the need to create intermediate objects just to create the primitive forms. Using these avoids the cost of creating objects that also need to be garbage-collected later.

This rule is defined by the following Java class: net.sourceforge.pmd.lang.java.rule.performance.UnnecessaryWrapperObjectCreationRule

Example(s):

public int convert(String s) {
    int i, i2;

    i = Integer.valueOf(s).intValue();  // this wastes an object
    i = Integer.parseInt(s);            // this is better

    i2 = Integer.valueOf(i).intValue(); // this wastes an object
    i2 = i;                             // this is better

    String s3 = Integer.valueOf(i2).toString(); // this wastes an object
    s3 = Integer.toString(i2);                  // this is better

    return i2;
}

Use this rule by referencing it:

<rule ref="category/java/performance.xml/UnnecessaryWrapperObjectCreation" />

UseArrayListInsteadOfVector

Since: PMD 3.0

Priority: Medium (3)

ArrayList is a much better Collection implementation than Vector if thread-safe operation is not required.

This rule is defined by the following XPath expression:

//CompilationUnit[count(ImportDeclaration) = 0 or count(ImportDeclaration/Name[@Image='java.util.Vector']) > 0]
  //AllocationExpression/ClassOrInterfaceType
    [@Image='Vector' or @Image='java.util.Vector']

Example(s):

public class SimpleTest extends TestCase {
    public void testX() {
    Collection c1 = new Vector();
    Collection c2 = new ArrayList();    // achieves the same with much better performance
    }
}

Use this rule by referencing it:

<rule ref="category/java/performance.xml/UseArrayListInsteadOfVector" />

UseArraysAsList

Since: PMD 3.5

Priority: Medium (3)

The java.util.Arrays class has a “asList” method that should be used when you want to create a new List from an array of objects. It is faster than executing a loop to copy all the elements of the array one by one.

Note that the result of Arrays.asList() is backed by the specified array, changes in the returned list will result in the array to be modified. For that reason, it is not possible to add new elements to the returned list of Arrays.asList() (UnsupportedOperationException). You must use new ArrayList<>(Arrays.asList(…)) if that is inconvenient for you (e.g. because of concurrent access).

This rule is defined by the following XPath expression:

//Statement[
    (ForStatement) and (ForStatement//VariableInitializer//Literal[@IntLiteral='true' and @Image='0']) and (count(.//IfStatement)=0)
   ]
   //StatementExpression[
    PrimaryExpression/PrimaryPrefix/Name[
     substring-before(@Image,'.add') = ancestor::MethodDeclaration//LocalVariableDeclaration[
      ./Type//ClassOrInterfaceType[
       @Image = 'Collection' or 
       @Image = 'List' or @Image='ArrayList'
      ]
     ]
     /VariableDeclarator/VariableDeclaratorId[
      count(..//AllocationExpression/ClassOrInterfaceType[
       @Image="ArrayList"
      ]
      )=1
     ]/@Image
    ]
   and
   PrimaryExpression/PrimarySuffix/Arguments/ArgumentList/Expression/PrimaryExpression/PrimaryPrefix/Name
   [
     @Image = ancestor::MethodDeclaration//LocalVariableDeclaration[@Array="true"]/VariableDeclarator/VariableDeclaratorId/@Image
     or
     @Image = ancestor::MethodDeclaration//FormalParameter/VariableDeclaratorId/@Image
   ]
   /../..[count(.//PrimarySuffix)
   =1]/PrimarySuffix/Expression/PrimaryExpression/PrimaryPrefix
   /Name
   ]

Example(s):

public class Test {
    public void foo(Integer[] ints) {
        // could just use Arrays.asList(ints)
        List<Integer> l= new ArrayList<>(100);
        for (int i=0; i< 100; i++) {
            l.add(ints[i]);
        }
        for (int i=0; i< 100; i++) {
            l.add(a[i].toString()); // won't trigger the rule
        }
    }
}

Use this rule by referencing it:

<rule ref="category/java/performance.xml/UseArraysAsList" />

UseIndexOfChar

Since: PMD 3.5

Priority: Medium (3)

Use String.indexOf(char) when checking for the index of a single character; it executes faster.

This rule is defined by the following Java class: net.sourceforge.pmd.lang.java.rule.performance.UseIndexOfCharRule

Example(s):

String s = "hello world";
// avoid this
if (s.indexOf("d") {}
// instead do this
if (s.indexOf('d') {}

Use this rule by referencing it:

<rule ref="category/java/performance.xml/UseIndexOfChar" />

UselessStringValueOf

Since: PMD 3.8

Priority: Medium (3)

No need to call String.valueOf to append to a string; just use the valueOf() argument directly.

This rule is defined by the following Java class: net.sourceforge.pmd.lang.java.rule.performance.UselessStringValueOfRule

Example(s):

public String convert(int i) {
    String s;
    s = "a" + String.valueOf(i);    // not required
    s = "a" + i;                    // preferred approach
    return s;
}

Use this rule by referencing it:

<rule ref="category/java/performance.xml/UselessStringValueOf" />

UseStringBufferForStringAppends

Since: PMD 3.1

Priority: Medium (3)

The use of the ‘+=’ operator for appending strings causes the JVM to create and use an internal StringBuffer. If a non-trivial number of these concatenations are being used then the explicit use of a StringBuilder or threadsafe StringBuffer is recommended to avoid this.

This rule is defined by the following Java class: net.sourceforge.pmd.lang.java.rule.performance.UseStringBufferForStringAppendsRule

Example(s):

public class Foo {
    void bar() {
        String a;
        a = "foo";
        a += " bar";
        // better would be:
        // StringBuilder a = new StringBuilder("foo");
        // a.append(" bar);
    }
}

Use this rule by referencing it:

<rule ref="category/java/performance.xml/UseStringBufferForStringAppends" />

UseStringBufferLength

Since: PMD 3.4

Priority: Medium (3)

Use StringBuffer.length() to determine StringBuffer length rather than using StringBuffer.toString().equals(“”) or StringBuffer.toString().length() == …

This rule is defined by the following Java class: net.sourceforge.pmd.lang.java.rule.performance.UseStringBufferLengthRule

Example(s):

StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer();

if (sb.toString().equals("")) {}        // inefficient

if (sb.length() == 0) {}                // preferred

Use this rule by referencing it:

<rule ref="category/java/performance.xml/UseStringBufferLength" />